1. Aerial view of the built-up Johannesburg city centre (Dean Hutton, Getty Images).
2. Alexander township outside Johannesburg (GalloGetty Images)
3. An informal settlement in Orlando, Soweto, 26 June 2013 (Gallo Images)
4. Rural African women in the Midlands of KwaZuluNatal (Gallo Images)
5. Buffalo facing up to lion in the Kruger Park (Gail Nattrass)
6. Majestic lioness (courtesy of Jeff Rikotso, Gauteng tourism)
7. The now extinct quagga (Wikipedia.org)
8. Professor Jonathan Jansen (Times Media)
9. The Taung Child (courtesy of Mags Pillay)
10. Professor Francis Thackeray and Mrs Ples (courtesy of mags Pillay)
11. Maropeng (Cradle of Humankind Visitors' Centre)
12. Maropeng (from the back)
13. heritage site logo (Adrian Amod)
14. San hunter (Lorna Marshall)
15. Early protest art; men arriving with horses and gun (A R Willcox)
16. Khoi man riding an ox. (MuseumAfrica)
17 Saartjie Baartman (httporiginal people.org)
18. Mapungubwe Hill (Mapungubwe Museum, UP)
19. Glass beads from India (Mapungubwe Museum, UP)
20. Tiny gold rhino (Mapungubwe Museum, UP)
21. Gold bracelets Mapungubwe Museum, UP)
22. Mapungubwe (Gail Nattrass)
23. Aerial view over Thulamela showing the stone-walled enclosures (Mapungubwe Museum, UP) (600 x 405)
24. The queen's grave at Thulamela. A gold bracelet can be seen on her boney arm to the left of the archaeologist's hand (courtesy of Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd, 1996)
25. Young man celebrating at opening of Thulamela (Gail Nattrass)
26. A woman in a rural area (Gallo Images)
27. Venda girls doing the python dance (www.Go Oka Wemoha(we), Iluvsouthernafrica.com
28. artist's impression of da Gama (South African history Online)
29. Portuguese explorers erecting a padrao on the Namibian coast in 1488 (South African library)
30. The wreck of the Grosvenor in 1782 (Wikipedia.org)
31. Cargo from ship wrecks (Malcolm Turner)
32. Divers at the wreck of the Sao Jose-Paquete (Jonathan Sharfman)
33. Romanticised painting of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape (South AFrican Library)
34. Ground plan of Castle showing 5-star format (www.castleofgoodhope.co.za)
35. President Obama visiting the Castle at the Cape (Wikipedia)
36. Propaganda; picture of Vergelegen in 1712 ( (Cape Archives)
37. Vergelegen as it really was in 1712 (Cape Archives)
38. Legacy of the Dutch Groot (large) Constantia (Gail Nattrass)
39. The Boschendal wine estate (Gail Nattrass)
40. kraakporselein displayed at Boschendal (Gail Nattrass)
41. A wine farm in Stellenboch (Gallo Images)
41. A wine farm in Stellenboch (Gallo Images)
43. Malay couple (Museum Africa)
44. Bo-Kaap Museum (rougeonrose@capetownboutiquehotel.co.za)
45. Lady Anne Barnard (Western Cape Archives, M280)
46. Sale in Grahamstown (Albany Museum)
47. Drosdy gate at Rhodes University (Gail Nattrass)
48. clock tower at Rhodes University (Wikipedia)
49. Moroko Swallows in the 1950s (SA History.org.za)
50. Zonnebloem College in District Six, Cape Town (Western Cape Archives)
51. The sons of Xhosa chiefs at Zonnebloem College (Western Cape Archives)
52. Robert Moffat preaching to the Tswana (MuseumAfrica)
53. Actor Henry Cele playing Shaka ((httpsrespectance.comtributeshenry-cele).
54. Ndebele Warriors (MuseumAfrica MA2461)
55. Moshoeshoe in traditional clothes (Western Cape Archives E3251)
56. Moshoeshoe in clothes he wore to meet white visitors (Western Cape Archives, AG2114)
57. Nongqawuse, the prophetess who brought doom on the Xhosa (South African National Library)
58. Difficult ascent of the Drakensberg (Western Cape Archives M929)
59. Tapestries showing scenes from the Trek (Gail Nattrass)
60. The Blood River site (Gail Nattrass)
61. Michael Buys, descendant of Coenraad Buys (Christine Nesbitt, Sunday Times 30 January 199)4
62. Diamonds cut into facets
63. The Big Hole at Kimberley (Gail Nattrass)
64. A cocopan and plaque next to the Big Hole (Gail Nattrass)
65. Powerful man, Cecil John Rhodes (Western Cape Archives)
66. Gold bars, refined, smelted and ready for export
67. Tautona mine near Carletonville, the deepest mine in the world (merafongtourism.co.za)
68. How it all began - the picturesque little mining town at Pilgrim's Rest (Gail Nattrass)
69. One of the historic buildings in Pilgrim's Rest. (Gallo Images)
70. The Grand Hotel at Pilgrim's Rest (GalloAlamy)
71. Northwards in Parktown Johannesburg (Gail Nattrass)
72. Jose Dale yhr high society lady who lived at Northwards (Gail Nattrass)
73. Numbered Chinese workers with two white officials in 1904 (MuseumAfrica)
74. M K Gandhi (centre) and some of the Indian leaders in 1912 (S S Singh Centre, Unisa)
75. Migrant workers on their way to the mines. (MuseumAfrica)
76. Humiliation. Men stripping for a medical on a gold mine (MuseumAfrica)
77. `Scoff' (food) time. Men cooking outside their living quarters (source unknown)
78. New hostels being built in Diepkloof near Johannesburg city. (www.iol.co.za polopoly_fs copy-of-st-diepkloof-hostels)
79. The battlefield at Isandhlwana (Gail Nattrass)
80. Cetshwayo wearing the necklace of bravery. (sahistory.org)
81. British aristocrats besieged in Mafeking during the Anglo-Boer War (BBC Hutton Picture Library)
82. Bizarre incident. Celebrating Queen Victoria's birthday in besieged Mafeking (source unknown)
83. The British scorched earth policy during the Anglo-Boer war (source unknown)
84. Boer women and children being transported to a concentration camp (National Archives Repository, Pretoria)
85. Concentration camp scene during the Anglo-Boer War (source unknown)
86. Boer women doing their washing in the Bethuli Camp (National Archives Repository, Pretoria)
87. An emaciated child in the concentration camp at Bloemfontein (The War Museum, Bloemfontein)
88. Emaciated boy in one of the concentration camps (The War Museum, Bloemfontein)
89. For black people, conditions in concentration camps were even worse (Barnett Collection)
90. The British woman, Emily Hobhouse(National Archives Repository, Pretoria)
91. Black people also served in the war (Western Cape Archives)
92. Migrant workers making the long walk home during the Anglo-Boer War (Media Centre, School of Education at Wits)
93. The Boer woman, Helena Wagner (R) from Zeerust (National Archives Repository, Pretoria)
94. The grave of a Boer sentry at Spioenkop near Ladysmith ( Nick West)
95. Memorial at Balmoral concentration camp (Nick West)
96. The tombstone of Pieter, aged two at Balmoral (Nick West)
97. A visitor at the war memorial to Boer prisoners -of-war in Bermuda (Errol Nattrass)
98. A British nurse attending to a wounded soldier (Western Cape Archives)
99. Winston Churchill war correspondent & prisoner-of-war (Times Media Getty Gallo)
100. The 'National' Convention in 1908 (Klasie Viljoen Collection, Unisa)
101. Jan Smuts (right) and Louis Botha in 1914 (Smuts House Museum)
102. The statue of Jan Smuts in Parliament Square, London (Gallo Images)
103. The statue of Nelson Mandela in Parliament Square, London (Gallo Images)
104. Dr Abdullah Abdurahman, leader of the APO (Wellington Museum)
105. Dr Abdurahman's daughter, Zainunissa (Cissie) Gool in 1946 (S S Singh Collection, Unisa)
106. Early SANC leader and academic, Pixley ka-Isaka Seme in 1906 (Wikipedia)
107. The prominent African American leader, Booker T Washington (Wikipedia)
108. Early SANC leader Solomon Tshekisho (Sol) Plaatje, 1876-1932 (picture courtesy of Tim Couzens)
109. Founder members of the SANNC. (Picture courtesy of Tim Couzens)
110. The ANC (formerly the SANNC) in 1930, (picture by courtesy of Tim Couzen)s
111. The doomed ship, the SS Mendi
112. The 1913 white miners' strike. (MuseumAfrica)
113. The National Bank destroyed by striking miners in Benoni in 1922 (MuseumAfrica)
114. Army tanks used to suppress the white strikers (MuseumAfrica)
115. Poor white people in the 1930s (South African National Library)
116. Poor white family outside their maatjie (reed mat) hut in Namaqualand (source unknown)
117. A poor white family (source unknown)
118. Jan Smuts with Winston Churchill in Cairo (Smuts House Museum, Irene)
119. Amateur boxer and member of the Ossewabrandwag, Robey Leibbrandt (episcopal.worldpress.com)
120. Jan Smuts with the British royal family in 1947 (Central Archives)
121. Smuts receiving the Order of Merit from King George VI (Smuts House Museum)
122. Celebrating the trek centenary in Linden in 1938 (Die Burger, Gallo Images)
123. The inauguration of the Voortrekker Monument in 1949 (Die Burger, Gallo Images)
124. The Afrikaner Nationalist Cabinet of D F Malan in 1953. (Gallo Images)
125. Prime Minister D F Malan (right) and J G Strijdom (Gallo Images)
126. Hendrik Verwoerd, prime minister 1958-1966 (Central Archives)
127. A typical sign on a Durban beach during apartheid (Gallo Images)
128. Ballet dancers Laetitia Muller and Christopher Montague (from a ballet programme in 1992
129. Sandra Laing with her mother, Sannie in about 1955 (www.forumdiversity.com)
130. Basil (Dolly) D'Oliviera playing for England in 1968 (Denis Oulds, Gallo Images)
131. Lemmy Mabaso in Sophiatown (Jurgen Schadeberg)
132. One of the big bands in Sophiatown in the 1950s (Jurgen Schadeberg)
133. Young people doing the township jive in Sophiatown in the 1950s (Drum, unknown date)
134. Dancing at the Ritz (Jurgen Schadeberg)
135. Miriam Makeba in a recording studio (Jurgen Schaderberg)
136. Miriam Makeba singing with the Manhattan Brothers (Jurgen Schadeberg)
137. Members of the American gang (Drum, unknown date)
138. Painted on a wall in Sophiatown (Jurgen Schadeberg)
139. Waiting for a truck during the forced removals in Sophiatown (Jurgen Schadeberg)
140. Sophiatown cops (Jurgen Schadeberg)
141. Old musicians of Sophiatown (The Star, 14 February 2001
142. Angus Smith whose family lived in Sophiatown (Gail Nattrass)
143. Early activist Dr Charlotte Maxexe (SA History OnLIne)
144. The wedding of Walter and Albertina Sisulu in 1944 (Eleanor Sisulu)
145. The wedding of Nelson & Winnie Mandela in 1958 (Alf Khumalo, via Gallo Images)
146. Fatima Meer (www.subrygovenderblogspot.com)
147. Black Sash ladie, sApril 1972 (Gallo Images)
148. Activist Norma Kitson and her two children (sourc e unknown)
149. Ama Naidoo, 1908-1993 (sahistory on line)
150. The book, Island in Chains, by Indres Naidoo & Albie Sachs
151. Emil (Solly) Sachs (www.sahistory.org)
152. woman with pass (William F Campbell, Time Life, Gallo Images)
153. Women protesting against the carrying of passes (South African national Library)
154. The Women's March (Jurgen Schadeberg)
155. Lilian Ngoyi (source unknown)
156. Sophie Williams-De-Bruyn, The Star, 10 August 2016
157. The dreaded pass search (Getty Images)
158. Robert Sobukwe, founder of the P.A.C (Jurgen Schadeberg)
159. The house where Robert Sobukwe was held in solitary confinement on Robben Island (Janine Reyneke, tracks4africa.co.za)
160. Burning passes in 1960 (Gallo Images)
161. Nelson Mandela burning his pass (Bailey's African History Archive)
162. Crowd fleeing at Sharpeville (MuseumAfrica) - Copy
163. Men lying dead at Sharpeville (MuseumAfrica)
164. Hats and boots of the dead men at Sharpeville, 1960 (MuseumAfrica)
165. Nelson Mandela in traditional dress at his trial ( Eil Weinberg (Gallo Images)
166. Winnie Mandela leaving the courtroom after her husband's trial in 1964 (Alf Kumalo, Bailey's African History Archive)
167. Prisoners chipping stones (Getty Images)
168. Mandela's cell on Robben Island (Gallo Images)
169. Nelson Mandela looking through his prison cell on Robben island, Gallo Images
170. Free Mandela campaign (Michael Clements, Gallo-Getty Images)
171. Chief Albert Luthuli (Leif Oernelun,Oslo Museum)
172. death of Hendrik Verwoerd in April 1966 (Central Archives)
173. Steve Biko addressing SASO students in 1971(Mayibuye Centre Collection, Univ of the Western Cape)
174. The dying Hector Pieterson (Sam Nzima)
175. The photographer, Sam Nzima (Bongiwe Mchunu, Independent Media Archives, The Star 12 June 2013)
176. Aerial view over Soweto after the uprising in 1976 (MuseumAfrica)
177. The plaque outside the Hector Pieterson Memorial (Photo courtesy Tim Williams)
178. AWB leader Eugene Terre 'Blanche (middle) and two members of the AWB (Gallo Images)
179. Chief Gatsha Buthelezi (source unknown)
180. Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, born 1931 (Wikipedia)
181. Activist Ruth First with her husband SACP leader Joe Slovo (middle) in 1956 (MuseumAfrica)
182. Albie Sachs, born 1935, activist, author & Constitutional Court Judge (Siddique Davids, Gallo Images)
183. Cyril Ramaphosa (Gallo Images)
184. Frederik van Zyl Slabbert (centre) in Accra in 1987 (Picture courtesy of Professor Jannie Gagiano, Univ of Stellenbosch, Western Cape)
185. Nelson Mandela and his wife, Winnie after his release from prison in 1990 (Alexander Joe, AFP, Gallo Images)
186. Chris Hani (left) and Joe Slovo (AFP Walter Dhladhla, Gallo Images)
187. The Government of National Unity, in 1994 (Alexander Joe, Gallo Images)
188. Former President Nelson Mandela with his wife, Graca Machel and former wife, Winnie Madikizela Mandela (Gallo Images)
189. Springbok captain, Francois Pienaar receiving the rugby world cup trophy from President Nelson Mandela, 24 June 1995 (Mark Baker, Gallo Images)
190. Stadium built for rugby world cup
191. President Mandela with 2 soccer captains (Gallo Images)
192. Nelson Mandela with Queen Elizabeth (Gallo Images)
193. President Nelson Mandela receiving The Order of Merit from Queen Elizabeth in 1995 (Anwar Husse, Gallo Getty Images)
194. President Nelson Mandela with Queen Elizabeth in July 1996 (Gallo Images)
195. The end of a long struggle, Helen Suzman and Nelson Mandela (Gallo Images)
196. A woman blowing a vuvuzela at the opening of the soccer world cup, 11 June 2010 (Clive Mason (GettyGallo Images)
197. Flag-draped fan blowing vuvuzela (Gallo Images)
198. President Thabo Mbeki with the Springboks in France in 2007 (Gallo Images)
199. Houseboy uniform (picture from Charles van Onselen, New Niveveh, page 31)
200. Jacob Zuma with 2 of his wives and a fiancee (Mike Hutchings, Reuters, Gallo Images)
201. Nkosazana Dhlamini-Zuma (Wikipedia)
202. Jacob Zuma and his Cabinet in 2014 (University of the Western Cape)
203. President Zuman and his wife with President Obama an his wife in 2013 (Gallo Images)
204. Helen Zille , DA leader 2000-2015 (Gallo Images)
205. Patricia de Lille (Gallo Images)
206. Tony Leon (Gallo Images)
207. Mmusi Maimane and his wife Natalie (Gallo Images)
208. Public Protector Thuli Madonsela (Gallo Images)
209. A poor school in the Eastern Cape (Times Media)
210. A better resourced school in Johannesburg
211. Oprah Winfrey with some of the girls at her school in 2007 (GettyImages)
212. Domestic worker Xolile (Beauty) Ndhlovu (Gail Nattrass)
213. Change for the better (Photo courtesy Rhona Williams)
214. Students at the University of Cape Town protesting against the rise in fees (Gallo Images)
215. The distinctive protest dance called toy-toying (GettyImages)
216. Another example of toy-toying (Gallo Images)
217. A toy-toyi protest dance against foreigners in the country (Gallo Images)
218. young people after a march against xenophobia in , March 2017 (Gallo Images)
219. Union members protesting against toll roads, The Star, 28 May 2015
220. Striking miners at Marikana led by the man in the green blanket (Times Media)
221. The unrest continued at Marikana a year later (Siphiwe Sibeko, Reuters via Gallo Images.)
222. Miners praying at Marikana a year later (Gallo Images)
223. Leader of the EFF, Julius Malema (Gallo Images)
224. The controversial private rural homestead at Nkandla (Wikipedia)
225. President Zuma's wedding to his 5th wife, January 2010 (Gallo Images)
226. President Zuma with a praise singer (Gallo Images)
227. Jacob Zuma with traditional leaders Gallo Images
228. A sangoma (GettyImages)
229. Urban Sotho man returning to his roots through dance (source unknown)
230. BRICS leaders (ReutersFile)
231. Patrice Matsepe (Gallo Images)
232. Mark Shuttleworth (www.spaceadventures.com)
233. Elon Musk (Wikipedia)
234. Pieter Dirk Uys (Gallo Images)
235. Traditional dancing. The Zulu Indlamu dance
236. Ladysmith Black Mambaso Steve Mack (GettyImages)
237. Mango Groove (www.mangogroove.com)
238. Afrikaners doing traditional folk dancing, (Sunday Times, 7 June 2015)
239. Coloured minstrels at new year (Jeremy Jowell GettyImages)
240. Zulu lady selling her wares on Durban beachfront (Gail Nattrass).
241. Closeup of beadwork (Gail Nattrass)
242. geometric design on house (courtesy of Maropeng Tourism)
243. Hindu festival of chariots (Gail Nattrass)
244. MuseumAfrica (photo courtesy of Diana Wall)
245. Constitution Hill
246. The Apartheid Museum
247. Cycle tour through Soweto (Errol Nattrass)
248. Vistors to the foot of Africa (Gail Nattrass)
249. Camp's Bay (courtesy of ian@capespirit.com)
250. The Obamas on Robben Island in 2013 (Gallo Images)
251. Ahmed Kathrada on Robben Island (photo courtesy of Tim and Diana (Wall) Couzens)
252. Parks where wild animals roam freely (Gail Nattrass)
253. giraffes in the Pilansberg ( Rhona Williams)
254. Walking tour at Bakubung in the Pilansberg (Errol Nattrass)
255. Part of our heritage the traditional braai (photo courtesy of Christo Greyling)
Author, Gail Nattrass, visits the District Six museum in CT
Music and dance feautured strongly in District Six. There was a sense of community despite the poor living conditions
The District Six museum was once a church attended by the people of District Six. Some of their descendants now show visitors around
The hanging sheet has messages from descendants of people forced to leave in 1966. The floor map shows where they used to live
Kaalvoet vrou (barefoot woman) in the Drakensberg. Photograph by Karen Nattrass
Difficult ascent of the Drakensberg during the Great Trek
Deborah Retief (Piet Retief's daughter) engraved her father's name on a rock faceat Kerkenberg in the Drakensberg on his 57th birthday, 12 November 1837